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How likely is it that an extra year of schooling will increase wages? What is the probability of default for a low-risk portfolio? Incorporate prior knowledge, see posterior distributions of random effects, compute Bayesian predictions, and more.
Frequentist inference is based on the sampling distributions of estimators of parameters and provides parameter point estimates and their standard errors as well as confidence intervals. The exact sampling distributions are rarely known and are often approximated by a large-sample normal distribution. Bayesian inference is based on the posterior distribution of the parameters and provides summaries of this distribution including posterior means and their MCMC standard errors (MCSE) as well as credible intervals. Although exact posterior distributions are known only in a number of cases, general posterior distributions can be estimated via, for example, Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling without any large-sample approximation.
Take any of the existing irt commands, add a group(varname) option, and fit the corresponding multiple-group model. For instance, type . irt 2pl item1-item10, group(female) and fit a two-group 2PL model. Group-specific means and variances of the latent trait will be estimated. Group-specific difficulty and discrimination parameters can also be estimated for one or more items. With constraints, you can specify exactly which parameters are allowed to vary and which parameters are constrained to be equal across groups. You can even use likelihood-ratio tests to compare models with and without constraints to perform an IRT model-based test of differential item functioning.
Frequentist confidence intervals do not have straightforward probabilistic interpretations as do Bayesian credible intervals. For example, the interpretation of a 95% confidence interval is that if we repeat the same experiment many times and compute confidence intervals for each experiment, then 95% of those intervals will contain the true value of the parameter. For any given confidence interval, the probability that the true value is in that interval is either zero or one, and we do not know which. We may only infer that any given confidence interval provides a plausible range for the true value of the parameter. A 95% Bayesian credible interval, on the other hand, provides a range for a parameter such that the probability that the parameter lies in that range is 95%.
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